Parabolic RSI Strategy + MA Filter + TP/SL 【PakunFX】🧠 Parabolic RSI Strategy + MA Filter + TP/SL【PakunFX】
This strategy combines a **custom Parabolic SAR applied to the RSI** (momentum-based trend reversal detection) with a **price-based moving average filter** to create a clear and responsive trend-following system.
Additionally, it **automatically draws Take Profit (TP) and Stop Loss (SL) levels** on the chart based on a fixed risk-reward ratio, providing visual risk clarity and supporting consistent trade planning.
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## 🔍 What This Script Does
**RSI-Based Trend Detection:**
A custom Parabolic SAR is applied to RSI rather than price, enabling detection of **momentum reversals** instead of just price swings.
**MA Directional Filter:**
Entries are filtered by a moving average (EMA or SMA). The strategy only allows trades **in the direction of the trend**—longs above the MA, shorts below.
**Auto-Drawn TP/SL Levels:**
Each trade includes auto-calculated TP and SL lines using a configurable risk-reward ratio (e.g., 2.0), helping traders maintain consistency and discipline.
**Clear Entry Triggers:**
Positions are opened **when the RSI-based Parabolic SAR flips direction**, but only if the price is on the correct side of the MA filter.
→ This ensures trades are made **at the moment of momentum shift**, but only **in the direction of the dominant trend**.
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## 🧮 Core Logic Breakdown
✅ Entry Conditions
**Long Entry:**
RSI-based SAR flips below the RSI (bullish signal) **and** price is **above** the moving average.
**Short Entry:**
RSI-based SAR flips above the RSI (bearish signal) **and** price is **below** the moving average.
✅ Exit Conditions (Position Reversal)
When an opposite signal occurs, the current position is **closed immediately**, and a new one is **opened in the opposite direction**.
✅ TP / SL Setup
- SL is placed at a **virtual buffer distance** (e.g., 100 pips from entry).
- TP is calculated using the **risk-reward ratio** (e.g., 2.0 → TP at 200 pips if SL = 100).
→ Delivers consistent, risk-defined trades.
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## 💰 Risk Management Parameters
**Asset / Timeframe:** Any (Backtested on 10-minute chart)
**Account Size (Virtual):** $3,000
**Commission:** 0.02% per trade
**Slippage Buffer:** Equivalent to 100 pips
**Risk Per Trade:** Approximately 5% of account balance
**Number of Trades (Backtest Period):** 125 trades
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## 📈 Recommended Usage
**Timeframes:** 5m to 30m (scalping to intraday)
**Market Conditions:** Best in trending markets; responsive even in mild ranges
**Assets:** Forex pairs, Gold, WTI Crude, Indexes with volatility
**Discretionary Support:** Visual TP/SL allows for **pre-planned trades** and avoids impulsive decisions
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## ⚠️ Notes & Considerations
Positions are reversed on opposite signals (no simultaneous longs & shorts).
Backtests do not include broker-specific execution factors—adjust for slippage and spreads if needed.
Strategy is **originally developed**, inspired by “ChartPrime's RSI Parabolic SAR” idea, but fully standalone.
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## 🖼 Chart Visuals & Features
**MA Line (orange):** Shows trend direction
**TP Line (green dashed):** Take Profit visualization
**SL Line (red dashed):** Stop Loss boundary
**RSI-SAR Flip Points:** Highlight entry timing visually
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## ✅ Summary
Parabolic RSI Strategy + MA Filter + TP/SL【PakunFX】 is a
“Momentum Detection × Trend Filtering × Exit Visualization” strategy designed for consistent, visually guided decision-making.
With clearly structured logic and visual aids, it serves both discretionary and systematic traders looking for a **momentum-aligned, risk-controlled approach**.
Strategytesting
is_strategyCorrection-Adaptive Trend Strategy (Open-Source)
Core Advantage: Designed specifically for the is_correction indicator, with full transparency and customization options.
Key Features:
Open-Source Code:
✅ Full access to the strategy logic – study how every trade signal is generated.
✅ Freedom to customize – modify entry/exit rules, risk parameters, or add new indicators.
✅ No black boxes – understand and trust every decision the strategy makes.
Built for is_correction:
Filters out false signals during market noise.
Works only in confirmed trends (is_correction = false).
Adaptable for Your Needs:
Change Take Profit/Stop Loss ratios directly in the code.
Add alerts, notifications, or integrate with other tools (e.g., Volume Profile).
For Developers/Traders:
Use the code as a template for your own strategies.
Test modifications risk-free on historical data.
How the Strategy Works:
Main Goal:
Automatically buys when the price starts rising and sells when it starts falling, but only during confirmed trends (ignoring temporary pullbacks).
What You See on the Chart:
📈 Up arrows ▼ (below the candle) = Buy signal.
📉 Down arrows ▲ (above the candle) = Sell signal.
Gray background = Market is in a correction (no trades).
Key Mechanics:
Buy Condition:
Price closes higher than the previous candle + is_correction confirms the main trend (not a pullback).
Example: Red candle → green candle → ▼ arrow → buy.
Sell Condition:
Price closes lower than the previous candle + is_correction confirms the trend (optional: turn off short-selling in settings).
Exit Rules:
Closes trades automatically at:
+0.5% profit (adjustable in settings).
-0.5% loss (adjustable).
Or if a reverse signal appears (e.g., sell signal after a buy).
User-Friendly Settings:
Sell – On (default: ON):
ON → Allows short-selling (selling when price falls).
OFF → Strategy only buys and closes positions.
Revers (default: OFF):
ON → Inverts signals (▼ = sell, ▲ = buy).
%Profit & %Loss:
Adjust these values (0-30%) to increase/decrease profit targets and risk.
Example Scenario:
Buy Signal:
Price rises for 3 days → green ▼ arrow → strategy buys.
Stop loss set 0.5% below entry price.
If price keeps rising → trade closes at +0.5% profit.
Correction Phase:
After a rally, price drops for 1 day → gray background → strategy ignores the drop (no action).
Stop Loss Trigger:
If price drops 0.5% from entry → trade closes automatically.
Key Features:
Correction Filter (is_correction):
Acts as a “noise filter” → avoids trades during temporary pullbacks.
Flexibility:
Disable short-selling, flip signals, or tweak profit/loss levels in seconds.
Transparency:
Open-source code → see exactly how every signal is generated (click “Source” in TradingView).
Tips for Beginners:
Test First:
Run the strategy on historical data (click the “Chart” icon in TradingView).
See how it performed in the past.
Customize It:
Increase %Profit to 2-3% for volatile assets like crypto.
Turn off Sell – On if short-selling confuses you.
Trust the Stop Loss:
Even if you think the price will rebound, the strategy will close at -0.5% to protect your capital.
Where to Find Settings:
Click the strategy name on the top-left of your chart → adjust sliders/toggles in the menu.
Русская Версия
Трендовая стратегия с открытым кодом
Главное преимущество: Полная прозрачность логики и адаптация под ваши нужды.
Особенности:
Открытый исходный код:
✅ Видите всю «кухню» стратегии – как формируются сигналы, когда открываются сделки.
✅ Меняйте правила – корректируйте тейк-профит, стоп-лосс или добавляйте новые условия.
✅ Никаких секретов – вы контролируете каждое правило.
Заточка под is_correction:
Игнорирует ложные сигналы в коррекциях.
Работает только в сильных трендах (is_correction = false).
Гибкая настройка:
Подстройте параметры под свой риск-менеджмент.
Добавьте свои индикаторы или условия для входа.
Для трейдеров и разработчиков:
Используйте код как основу для своих стратегий.
Тестируйте изменения на истории перед реальной торговлей.
Простыми словами:
Почему это удобно:
Открытый код = полный контроль. Вы можете:
Увидеть, как именно стратегия решает купить или продать.
Изменить правила закрытия сделок (например, поставить TP=2% вместо 1.5%).
Добавить новые условия (например, торговать только при высоком объёме).
Примеры кастомизации:
Новички: Меняйте только TP/SL в настройках (без кодинга).
Продвинутые: Добавьте RSI-фильтр, чтобы избегать перекупленности.
Разработчики: Встройте стратегию в свою торговую систему.
Как начать:
Скачайте код из TradingView.
Изучите логику в разделе strategy.entry/exit.
Меняйте параметры в блоке input.* (безопасно!).
Тестируйте изменения и оптимизируйте под свои цели.
Как работает стратегия:
Главная задача:
Автоматически покупает, когда цена начинает расти, и продаёт, когда падает. Но делает это «умно» — только когда рынок в основном тренде, а не во временном откате (коррекции).
Что видно на графике:
📈 Стрелки вверх ▼ (под свечой) — сигнал на покупку.
📉 Стрелки вниз ▲ (над свечой) — сигнал на продажу.
Серый фон — рынок в коррекции (не торгуем).
Как это работает:
Когда покупаем:
Если цена закрылась выше предыдущей и индикатор is_correction показывает «основной тренд» (не коррекция).
Пример: Была красная свеча → стала зелёная → появилась стрелка ▼ → покупаем.
Когда продаём:
Если цена закрылась ниже предыдущей и is_correction подтверждает тренд (опционально, можно отключить в настройках).
Когда закрываем сделку:
Автоматически при достижении:
+0.5% прибыли (можно изменить в настройках).
-0.5% убытка (можно изменить).
Или если появился противоположный сигнал (например, после покупки пришла стрелка продажи).
Настройки для чайников:
«Sell – On» (включено по умолчанию):
Если включено → стратегия будет продавать в шорт.
Если выключено → только покупки и закрытие позиций.
«Revers» (выключено по умолчанию):
Если включить → стратегия будет работать наоборот (стрелки ▼ = продажа, ▲ = покупка).
«%Profit» и «%Loss»:
Меняйте эти цифры (от 0 до 30), чтобы увеличить/уменьшить прибыль и риски.
Пример работы:
Сигнал на покупку:
Цена 3 дня растет → появляется зелёная стрелка ▼ → стратегия покупает.
Стоп-лосс ставится на 0.5% ниже цены входа.
Если цена продолжает расти → сделка закрывается при +0.5% прибыли.
Коррекция:
После роста цена падает на 1 день → фон становится серым → стратегия игнорирует это падение (не закрывает сделку).
Стоп-лосс:
Если цена упала на 0.5% от точки входа → сделка закрывается автоматически.
Важные особенности:
Фильтр коррекций (is_correction):
Это «защита от шума» — стратегия не реагирует на мелкие откаты, работая только в сильных трендах.
Гибкие настройки:
Можно запретить шорты, перевернуть сигналы или изменить уровни прибыли/убытка за 2 клика.
Прозрачность:
Весь код открыт → вы можете увидеть, как формируется каждый сигнал (меню «Исходник» в TradingView).
Советы для новичков:
Начните с теста:
Запустите стратегию на исторических данных (кнопка «Свеча» в окне TradingView).
Посмотрите, как она работала в прошлом.
Настройте под себя:
Увеличьте %Profit до 2-3%, если торгуете валюты.
Отключите «Sell – On», если не понимаете шорты.
Доверяйте стоп-лоссу:
Даже если кажется, что цена развернётся — стратегия закроет сделку при -0.5%, защитив ваш депозит.
Где найти настройки:
Кликните на название стратегии в верхнем левом углу графика → откроется меню с ползунками и переключателями.
Важно: Стратегия предоставляет «рыбу» – чтобы она стала «уловистой», адаптируйте её под свой стиль торговли!
Gold Friday Anomaly StrategyThis script implements the " Gold Friday Anomaly Strategy ," a well-known historical trading strategy that leverages the gold market's behavior from Thursday evening to Friday close. It is a backtesting-focused strategy designed to assess the historical performance of this pattern. Traders use this anomaly as it captures a recurring market tendency observed over the years.
What It Does:
Entry Condition: The strategy enters a long position at the beginning of the Friday trading session (Thursday evening close) within the defined backtesting period.
Exit Condition: Friday evening close.
Backtesting Controls: Allows users to set custom backtesting periods to evaluate strategy performance over specific date ranges.
Key Features:
Custom Backtest Periods: Easily configurable inputs to set the start and end date of the backtesting range.
Fixed Slippage and Commission Settings: Ensures realistic simulation of trading conditions.
Process Orders on Close: Backtesting is optimized by processing orders at the bar's close.
Important Notes:
Backtesting Only: This script is intended purely for backtesting purposes. Past performance is not indicative of future results.
Live Trading Recommendations: For live trading, it is highly recommended to use limit orders instead of market orders, especially during evening sessions, as market order slippage can be significant.
Default Settings:
Entry size: 10% of equity per trade.
Slippage: 1 tick.
Commission: 0.05% per trade.
Hobbiecode - Five Day Low RSI StrategyThis is a simple strategy that is working well on SPY but also well performing on Mini Futures SP500. The strategy is composed by the followin rules:
1. If today’s close is below yesterday’s five-day low, go long at the close.
2. Sell at the close when the two-day RSI closes above 50.
3. There is a time stop of five days if the sell criterium is not triggered.
If you backtest it on Mini Futures SP500 you will be able to track data from 1993. It is important to select D1 as timeframe.
Please share any comment or idea below.
Have a good trading,
Ramón.
Chandelier Exit ZLSMA StrategyIntroducing a Powerful Trading Indicator: Chandelier Exit with ZLSMA
If you're a trader, you know the importance of having the right tools and indicators to make informed decisions. That's why we're excited to introduce a powerful new trading indicator that combines the Chandelier Exit and ZLSMA: two widely-used and effective indicators for technical analysis.
The Chandelier Exit (CE) is a popular trailing stop-loss indicator developed by Chuck LeBeau. It's designed to follow the price trend of a security and provide an exit signal when the price crosses below the CE line. The CE line is based on the Average True Range (ATR), which is a measure of volatility. This means that the CE line adjusts to the volatility of the security, making it a reliable indicator for trailing stop-losses.
The ZLEMA (Zero Lag Exponential Moving Average) is a type of exponential moving average that's designed to reduce lag and improve signal accuracy. The ZLSMA takes into account not only the current price but also past prices, using a weighted formula to calculate the moving average. This makes it a smoother indicator than traditional moving averages, and less prone to giving false signals.
When combined, the CE and ZLSMA create a powerful indicator that can help traders identify trend changes and make more informed trading decisions. The CE provides the trailing stop-loss signal, while the ZLSMA provides a smoother trend line to help identify potential entry and exit points.
In our indicator, the CE and ZLSMA are plotted together on the chart, making it easy to see both the trailing stop-loss and the trend line at the same time. The CE line is displayed as a dotted line, while the ZLSMA line is displayed as a solid line.
Using this indicator, traders can set their stop-loss levels based on the CE line, while also using the ZLSMA line to identify potential entry and exit points. The combination of these two indicators can help traders reduce their risk and improve their trading performance.
In conclusion, the Chandelier Exit with ZLSMA is a powerful trading indicator that combines two effective technical analysis tools. By using this indicator, traders can identify trend changes, set stop-loss levels, and make more informed trading decisions. Try it out for yourself and see how it can improve your trading performance.
Warning: The results in the backtest are from a repainting strategy. Don't take them seriously. You need to do a dry live test in order to test it for its useability.
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Here is a description of each input field in the provided source code:
length: An integer input used as the period for the ATR (Average True Range) calculation. Default value is 1.
mult: A float input used as a multiplier for the ATR value. Default value is 2.
showLabels: A boolean input that determines whether to display buy/sell labels on the chart. Default value is false.
isSignalLabelEnabled: A boolean input that determines whether to display signal labels on the chart. Default value is true.
useClose: A boolean input that determines whether to use the close price for extrema calculations. Default value is true.
zcolorchange: A boolean input that determines whether to enable rising/decreasing highlighting for the ZLSMA (Zero-Lag Exponential Moving Average) line. Default value is false.
zlsmaLength: An integer input used as the length for the ZLSMA calculation. Default value is 50.
offset: An integer input used as an offset for the ZLSMA calculation. Default value is 0.
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Ty for checking this out and good luck on your trading journey! Likes and comments are appreciated. 👍
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Credits to:
▪ @everget – Chandelier Exit (CE)
▪ @netweaver2022 – ZLSMA
Backtest AdapterThis is a proof-of-concept Backtest Adapter that can be used with my recent publication "Machine Learning: Lorentzian Classification" located here:
This adapter is helpful because it enables interactive backtesting with TradingView's built-in "Strategy Tester" framework without the need to translate the logic from an "indicator" script to a "strategy" script.
To use this, one must have the "Machine Learning: Lorentzian Classification" script and this Backtest Adapter open simultaneously on the same chart. From there, simply change the "Source" setting of the Backtest Adapter to "Lorentzian Classification: Backtest Stream" to transfer the entry/exit signals stream to the Backtest Adapter.
For an example of how to implement your own backtest stream in your indicators, please refer to the "Backtesting" section in the source code of the "Machine Learning: Lorentzian Classification" script, which is shown below for convenience:
Reinforced RSI - The Quant Science This strategy was designed and written with the goal of showing and motivating the community how to integrate our 'Probabilities' module with their own script.
We have recreated one of the simplest strategies used by many traders. The strategy only trades long and uses the overbought and oversold levels on the RSI indicator.
We added stop losses and take profits to offer more dynamism to the strategy. Then the 'Probabilities' module was integrated to create a probabilistic reinforcement on each trade.
Specifically, each trade is executed, only if the past probabilities of making a profitable trade is greater than or equal to 51%. This greatly increased the performance of the strategy by avoiding possible bad trades.
The backtesting was calculated on the NASDAQ:TSLA , on 15 minutes timeframe.
The strategy works on Tesla using the following parameters:
1. Lenght: 13
2. Oversold: 40
3. Overbought: 70
4. Lookback: 50
5. Take profit: 3%
6. Stop loss: 3%
Time period: January 2021 to date.
Our Probabilities Module, used in the strategy example:
iMoku (Ichimoku Complete Tool) - The Quant Science iMoku™ is a professional all-in-one solution for the famous Ichimoku Kinko Hyo indicator.
The algorithm includes:
1. Backtesting spot
2. Visual tool
3. Auto-trading functions
With iMoku you can test four different strategies.
Strategy 1: Cross Tenkan Sen - Kijun Sen
A long position is opened with 100% of the invested capital ($1000) when "Tenkan Sen" crossover "Kijun Sen".
Closing the long position on the opposite condition.
There are 3 different strength signals for this strategy: weak, normal, strong.
Weak : the signal is weak when the condition is true and the price is above the 'Kumo'
Normal : the signal is normal when the condition is true and the price is within the 'Kumo'
Strong : the signal is strong when the condition is true and the price is below the 'Kumo'
Strategy 2: Cross Price - Kijun Sen
A long position is opened with 100% of the invested capital ($1000) when the price crossover the 'Kijun Sen'.
Closing the long position on the opposite condition.
There are 3 different strength signals for this strategy: weak, normal, strong.
Weak : the signal is weak when the condition is true and the price is above the 'Kumo'
Normal : the signal is normal when the condition is true and the price is inside the 'Kumo'
Strong : the signal is strong when the condition is true and the price is below the 'Kumo'
Strategy 3: Kumo Breakout
A long position is opened with 100% of the invested capital ($1000) when the price breakup the 'Kumo'.
Closing the long position with a percentage stop loss and take profit on the invested capital.
Strategy 4: Kumo Twist
A long position is opened with 100% of the invested capital ($1000) when the 'Kumo' goes from negative to positive (called "Twist").
Closing the long position on the opposite condition.
There are 2 different strength signals for this strategy: weak, and strong.
Weak : the signal is weak when the condition is true and the price is above the 'Kumo'
Strong : the signal is strong when the condition is true and the price is below the 'Kumo'
This script is compliant with algorithmic trading.
You can use this script with trading terminals such as 3Commas or CryptoHopper. Connecting this script is very easy.
1. Enter the user interface
2. Select and activate a strategy
3. Copy your bot's links into the dedicated fields
4. Create and activate alert
Disclaimer: algorithmic trading involves risk, the user should consider aspects such as slippage, liquidity and costs when evaluating an asset. The Quant Science is not responsible for any kind of damage resulting from use of this script. By using this script you take all the responsibilities and risks.
Channels Strategy [JoseMetal]============
ENGLISH
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- Description:
This strategy is based on Bollinger Bands / Keltner Channel price "rebounds" (the idea of price bouncing from one band to another).
The strategy has several customizable options, which allows you to refine the strategy for your asset and timeframe.
You can customize settings for ALL indicators, Bollinger Bands (period and standard deviation), Keltner Channel (period and ATR multiplier) and ATR (period).
- AVAILABLE INDICATORS:
You can pick Bollinger Bands or Keltner Channels for the strategy, the chosen indicator will be plotted as well.
- CUSTOM CONDITIONS TO ENTER A POSITION:
1. Price breaks the band (low below lower band for LONG or high above higher band for SHORT).
2. Same as 1 but THEN (next candle) price closes INSIDE the bands.
3. Price breaks the band AND CLOSES OUT of the band (lower band for LONG and higher band for SHORT).
4. Same as 3 but THEN (next candle) price closes INSIDE the bands.
- STOP LOSS OPTIONS:
1. Previous wick (low of previous candle if LONG and high or previous candle if SHORT).
2. Extended band, you can customize settings for a second indicator with larger values to use it as STOP LOSS, for example, Bollinger Bands with 2 standard deviations to open positions and 3 for STOP LOSS.
3. ATR: you can pick average true ratio from a source (like closing price) with a multiplier to calculate STOP LOSS.
- TAKE PROFIT OPTIONS:
1. Opposite band (top band for LONGs, bottom band for SHORTs).
2. Moving average: Bollinger Bands simple moving average or Keltner Channel exponential moving average .
3. ATR: you can pick average true ratio from a source (like closing price) with a multiplier to calculate TAKE PROFIT.
- OTHER OPTIONS:
You can pick to trade only LONGs, only SHORTs, both or none (just indicator).
You can enable DYNAMIC TAKE PROFIT, which updates TAKE PROFIT on each candle, for example, if you pick "opposite band" as TAKE PROFIT, it'll update the TAKE PROFIT based on that, on every single new candle.
- Visual:
Bands shown will depend on the chosen indicator and it's settings.
ATR is only printed if used as STOP LOSS and/or TAKE PROFIT.
- Recommendations:
Recommended on DAILY timeframe , it works better with Keltner Channels rather than Bollinger Bands .
- Customization:
As you can see, almost everything is customizable, for colors and plotting styles check the "Style" tab.
Enjoy!
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ESPAÑOL
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- Descripción:
Esta estrategia se basa en los "rebotes" de precios en las Bandas de Bollinger / Canal de Keltner (la idea de que el precio rebote de una banda a otra).
La estrategia tiene varias opciones personalizables, lo que le permite refinar la estrategia para su activo y temporalidad favoritas.
Puedes personalizar la configuración de TODOS los indicadores, Bandas de Bollinger (periodo y desviación estándar), Canal de Keltner (periodo y multiplicador ATR) y ATR (periodo).
- INDICADORES DISPONIBLES:
Puedes elegir las Bandas de Bollinger o los Canales de Keltner para la estrategia, el indicador elegido será mostrado en pantalla.
- CONDICIONES PERSONALIZADAS PARA ENTRAR EN UNA POSICIÓN:
1. El precio rompe la banda (mínimo por debajo de la banda inferior para LONG o máximo por encima de la banda superior para SHORT).
2. Lo mismo que en el punto 1 pero ADEMÁS (en la siguiente vela) el precio cierra DENTRO de las bandas.
3. El precio rompe la banda Y CIERRA FUERA de la banda (banda inferior para LONG y banda superior para SHORT).
4. Igual que el 3 pero ADEMÁS (siguiente vela) el precio cierra DENTRO de las bandas.
- OPCIONES DE STOP LOSS:
1. Mecha anterior (mínimo de la vela anterior si es LONGy máximo de la vela anterior si es SHORT).
2. Banda extendida, puedes personalizar la configuración de un segundo indicador con valores más extensos para utilizarlo como STOP LOSS, por ejemplo, Bandas de Bollinger con 2 desviaciones estándar para abrir posiciones y 3 para STOP LOSS.
3. ATR: puedes elegir el average true ratio de una fuente (como el precio de cierre) con un multiplicador para calcular el STOP LOSS.
- OPCIONES DE TAKE PROFIT:
1. Banda opuesta (banda superior para LONGs, banda inferior para SHORTs).
2. Media móvil: media móvil simple de las Bandas de Bollinger o media móvil exponencial del Canal de Keltner .
3. ATR: se puede escoger el average true ratio de una fuente (como el precio de cierre) con un multiplicador para calcular el TAKE PROFIT.
- OTRAS OPCIONES:
Puedes elegir operar sólo con LONGs, sólo con SHORTs, ambos o ninguno (sólo el indicador).
Puedes activar el TAKE PROFIT DINÁMICO, que actualiza el TAKE PROFIT en cada vela, por ejemplo, si eliges "banda opuesta" como TAKE PROFIT, actualizará el TAKE PROFIT basado en eso, en cada nueva vela.
- Visual:
Las bandas mostradas dependerán del indicador elegido y de su configuración.
El ATR sólo se muestra si se utiliza como STOP LOSS y/o TAKE PROFIT.
- Recomendaciones:
Recomendada para temporalidad de DIARIO, funciona mejor con los Canales de Keltner que con las Bandas de Bollinger .
- Personalización:
Como puedes ver, casi todo es personalizable, para los colores y estilos de dibujo comprueba la pestaña "Estilo".
¡Que lo disfrutes!
[MT] Strategy Backtest Template| Initial Release | | EN |
An update of my old script, this script is designed so that it can be used as a template for all those traders who want to save time when programming their strategy and backtesting it, having functions already programmed that in normal development would take you more time to program, with this template you can simply add your favorite indicator and thus be able to take advantage of all the functions that this template has.
🔴Stop Loss and 🟢Take Profit:
No need to mention that it is a Stop Loss and a Take Profit, within these functions we find the options of: fixed percentage (%), fixed price ($), ATR, especially for Stop Loss we find the Pivot Points, in addition to this, the price range between the entry and the Stop Loss can be converted into a trailing stop loss, instead, especially for the Take Profit we have an option to choose a 1:X ratio that complements very well with the Pivot Points.
📈Heikin Ashi Based Entries:
Heikin Ashi entries are trades that are calculated based on Heikin Ashi candles but their price is executed to Japanese candles, thus avoiding false results that occur in Heikin candlestick charts, this making in certain cases better results in strategies that are executed with this option compared to Japanese candlesticks.
📊Dashboard:
A more visual and organized way to see the results and necessary data produced by our strategy, among them we can see the dates between which our operations are made regardless if you have activated some time filter, usual data such as Profit, Win Rate, Profit factor are also displayed in this panel, additionally data such as the total number of operations, how many were gains and how many losses, the average profit and loss for each operation and finally the maximum profits and losses followed, which are data that will be very useful to us when we elaborate our strategies.
Feel free to use this template to program your own strategies, if you find errors or want to request a new feature let me know in the comments or through my social networks found in my tradingview profile.
| Update 1.1 | | EN |
➕Additions: '
Time sessions filter and days of the week filter added to the time filter section.
Option to add leverage to the strategy.
5 Moving Averages, RSI, Stochastic RSI, ADX, and Parabolic Sar have been added as indicators for the strategy.
You can choose from the 6 available indicators the way to trade, entry alert or entry filter.
Added the option of ATR for Take Profit.
Ticker information and timeframe are now displayed on the dashboard.
Added display customization and color customization of indicator plots.
Added customization of display and color plots of trades displayed on chart.
📝Changes:
Now when activating the time filter it is optional to add a start or end date and time, being able to only add a start date or only an end date.
Operation plots have been changed from plot() to line creation with line.new().
Indicator plots can now be controlled from the "plots" section.
Acceptable and deniable range of profit, winrate and profit factor can now be chosen from the "plots" section to be displayed on the dashboard.
Aesthetic changes in the section separations within the settings section and within the code itself.
The function that made the indicators give inputs based on heikin ashi candles has been changed, see the code for more information.
⚙️Fixes:
Dashboard label now projects correctly on all timeframes including custom timeframes.
Removed unnecessary lines and variables to take up less code space.
All code in general has been optimized to avoid the use of variables, unnecessary lines and avoid unnecessary calculations, freeing up space to declare more variables and be able to use fewer lines of code.
| Lanzamiento Inicial | | ES |
Una actualización de mi antiguo script, este script está diseñado para que pueda ser usado como una plantilla para todos aquellos traders que quieran ahorrar tiempo al programar su estrategia y hacer un backtesting de ella, teniendo funciones ya programadas que en el desarrollo normal te tomaría más tiempo programar, con esta plantilla puedes simplemente agregar tu indicador favorito y así poder aprovechar todas las funciones que tiene esta plantilla.
🔴Stop Loss y 🟢Take Profit:
No hace falta mencionar que es un Stop Loss y un Take Profit, dentro de estas funciones encontramos las opciones de: porcentaje fijo (%), precio fijo ($), ATR, en especial para Stop Loss encontramos los Pivot Points, adicionalmente a esto, el rango de precio entre la entrada y el Stop Loss se puede convertir en un trailing stop loss, en cambio, especialmente para el Take Profit tenemos una opción para elegir un ratio 1:X que se complementa muy bien con los Pivot Points.
📈Entradas Basadas en Heikin Ashi:
Las entradas Heikin Ashi son operaciones que son calculados en base a las velas Heikin Ashi pero su precio esta ejecutado a velas japonesas, evitando así́ los falsos resultados que se producen en graficas de velas Heikin, esto haciendo que en ciertos casos se obtengan mejores resultados en las estrategias que son ejecutadas con esta opción en comparación con las velas japonesas.
📊Panel de Control:
Una manera más visual y organizada de ver los resultados y datos necesarios producidos por nuestra estrategia, entre ellos podemos ver las fechas entre las que se hacen nuestras operaciones independientemente si se tiene activado algún filtro de tiempo, datos usuales como el Profit, Win Rate, Profit factor también son mostrados en este panel, adicionalmente se agregaron datos como el número total de operaciones, cuantos fueron ganancias y cuantos perdidas, el promedio de ganancias y pérdidas por cada operación y por ultimo las máximas ganancias y pérdidas seguidas, que son datos que nos serán muy útiles al elaborar nuestras estrategias.
Siéntete libre de usar esta plantilla para programar tus propias estrategias, si encuentras errores o quieres solicitar una nueva función házmelo saber en los comentarios o a través de mis redes sociales que se encuentran en mi perfil de tradingview.
| Actualización 1.1 | | ES |
➕Añadidos:
Filtro de sesiones de tiempo y filtro de días de la semana agregados al apartado de filtro de tiempo.
Opción para agregar apalancamiento a la estrategia.
5 Moving Averages, RSI, Stochastic RSI, ADX, y Parabolic Sar se han agregado como indicadores para la estrategia.
Puedes escoger entre los 6 indicadores disponibles la forma de operar, alerta de entrada o filtro de entrada.
Añadido la opción de ATR para Take Profit.
La información del ticker y la temporalidad ahora se muestran en el dashboard.
Añadido personalización de visualización y color de los plots de indicadores.
Añadido personalización de visualización y color de los plots de operaciones mostradas en grafica.
📝Cambios:
Ahora al activar el filtro de tiempo es opcional añadir una fecha y hora de inicio o fin, pudiendo únicamente agregar una fecha de inicio o solamente una fecha de fin.
Los plots de operaciones han cambiados de plot() a creación de líneas con line.new().
Los plots de indicadores ahora se pueden controlar desde el apartado "plots".
Ahora se puede elegir el rango aceptable y negable de profit, winrate y profit factor desde el apartado "plots" para mostrarse en el dashboard.
Cambios estéticos en las separaciones de secciones dentro del apartado de configuraciones y dentro del propio código.
Se ha cambiado la función que hacía que los indicadores dieran entradas en base a velas heikin ashi, mire el código para más información.
⚙️Arreglos:
El dashboard label ahora se proyecta correctamente en todas las temporalidades incluyendo las temporalidades personalizadas.
Se han eliminado líneas y variables innecesarias para ocupar menos espacio en el código.
Se ha optimizado todo el código en general para evitar el uso de variables, líneas innecesarias y evitar los cálculos innecesarios, liberando espacio para declarar más variables y poder utilizar menos líneas de código.
Monthly Returns of a Strategy in a ChartIt's a simple example of how you can present your strategy's monthly performance in a chart.
You maybe know that there is no support of these kind of charts in TradingView so this chart is actually a table object under the hood.
Table visual appearance is customizable, you can change:
Location
Bar Width / High
Colors
Thanks to @MUQWISHI for hard work, for helping me coding it.
It's not about the strategy itself but the way you display returns on your chart. So pls don't critique my choice of the strategy and its performance 🙂
Disclaimer
Please remember that past performance may not be indicative of future results.
Due to various factors, including changing market conditions, the strategy may no longer perform as well as in historical backtesting.
This post and the script don’t provide any financial advice.
Dual MACD StrategyThis strategy Multi Time Frame Macd Indicator
We take the first long position when we have a buy signal in Weekly Macd (Macd line crosses above Signal line). This open a trading window, showed with green background color
We close the first position when either Weekly or Daily Macd give us a sell signal ((Macd line crosses below Signal line))
Enable Profit and Stop in strategy settings with different percentage to backtest the strategy. Also if it is better to use a Traditional Stop Loss or a Trailing Stop Loss based on a percentage from low prices
Change macd resolution in settings for other time frames to test the strategy
This Strategy was tested on Crypto Market with good results in assets as BTC, ETH, BNB, ADA, LTC, XLM, BCH, among others
Three moving average strategies
If the short term (Default 7) moving average cuts the medium term (default 25) moving average, BUY. Conversely, it generates the SELL signal. If the long term (Default 99) moving average cuts its short term moving average, Quick SELL. Conversely, it can be interpreted as Fast SELL. You can change the moving average and the number of days as you wish, and you can trade in the short or long term. I hope it was useful.
Ultimate Strategy TemplateHello Traders
As most of you know, I'm a member of the PineCoders community and I sometimes take freelance pine coding jobs for TradingView users.
Off the top of my head, users often want to:
- convert an indicator into a strategy, so as to get the backtesting statistics from TradingView
- add alerts to their indicator/strategy
- develop a generic strategy template which can be plugged into (almost) any indicator
My gift for the community today is my Ultimate Strategy Template
Step 1: Create your connector
Adapt your indicator with only 2 lines of code and then connect it to this strategy template.
For doing so:
1) Find in your indicator where are the conditions printing the long/buy and short/sell signals.
2) Create an additional plot as below
I'm giving an example with a Two moving averages cross.
Please replicate the same methodology for your indicator wether it's a MACD, ZigZag, Pivots, higher-highs, lower-lows or whatever indicator with clear buy and sell conditions
//@version=4
study(title='Moving Average Cross', shorttitle='Moving Average Cross', overlay=true, precision=6, max_labels_count=500, max_lines_count=500)
type_ma1 = input(title="MA1 type", defval="SMA", options= )
length_ma1 = input(10, title = " MA1 length", type=input.integer)
type_ma2 = input(title="MA2 type", defval="SMA", options= )
length_ma2 = input(100, title = " MA2 length", type=input.integer)
// MA
f_ma(smoothing, src, length) =>
iff(smoothing == "RMA", rma(src, length),
iff(smoothing == "SMA", sma(src, length),
iff(smoothing == "EMA", ema(src, length), src)))
MA1 = f_ma(type_ma1, close, length_ma1)
MA2 = f_ma(type_ma2, close, length_ma2)
// buy and sell conditions
buy = crossover(MA1, MA2)
sell = crossunder(MA1, MA2)
plot(MA1, color=color_ma1, title="Plot MA1", linewidth=3)
plot(MA2, color=color_ma2, title="Plot MA2", linewidth=3)
plotshape(buy, title='LONG SIGNAL', style=shape.circle, location=location.belowbar, color=color_ma1, size=size.normal)
plotshape(sell, title='SHORT SIGNAL', style=shape.circle, location=location.abovebar, color=color_ma2, size=size.normal)
/////////////////////////// SIGNAL FOR STRATEGY /////////////////////////
Signal = buy ? 1 : sell ? -1 : 0
plot(Signal, title="🔌Connector🔌", transp=100)
Basically, I identified my buy, sell conditions in the code and added this at the bottom of my indicator code
Signal = buy ? 1 : sell ? -1 : 0
plot(Signal, title="🔌Connector🔌", transp=100)
Important Notes
🔥 The Strategy Template expects the value to be exactly 1 for the bullish signal , and -1 for the bearish signal
Now you can connect your indicator to the Strategy Template using the method below or that one
Step 2: Connect the connector
1) Add your updated indicator to a TradingView chart
2) Add the Strategy Template as well to the SAME chart
3) Open the Strategy Template settings and in the Data Source field select your 🔌Connector🔌 (which comes from your indicator)
From then, you should start seeing the signals and plenty of other stuff on your chart
🔥 Note that whenever you'll update your indicator values, the strategy statistics and visual on your chart will update in real-time
Settings
- Color Candles : Color the candles based on the trade state (bullish, bearish, neutral)
- Close positions at market at the end of each session : useful for everything but cryptocurrencies
- Session time ranges : Take the signals from a starting time to an ending time
- Close Direction : Choose to close only the longs, shorts, or both
- Date Filter : Take the signals from a starting date to an ending date
- Set the maximum losing streak length with an input
- Set the maximum winning streak length with an input
- Set the maximum consecutive days with a loss
- Set the maximum drawdown (in % of strategy equity)
- Set the maximum intraday loss in percentage
- Limit the number of trades per day
- Limit the number of trades per week
- Stop-loss: None or Percentage or Trailing Stop Percentage or ATR
- Take-Profit: None or Percentage or ATR
- Risk-Reward based on ATR multiple for the Stop-Loss and Take-Profit
This script is open-source so feel free to use it, and optimize it as you want
Alerts
Maybe you didn't know it but alerts are available on strategy scripts.
I added them in this template - that's cool because:
- if you don't know how to code, now you can connect your indicator and get alerts
- you have now a cool template showing you how to create alerts for strategy scripts
Source: www.tradingview.com
I hope you'll like it, use it, optimize it and most importantly....make some optimizations to your indicators thanks to this Strategy template
Special Thanks
Special thanks to @JosKodify as I borrowed a few risk management snippets from his website: kodify.net
Additional features
I thought of plenty of extra filters that I'll add later on this week on this strategy template
Best
Dave
Triple SMA Strategy with entries based on sma price closesHi! :)
This strategy is made for intraday trades, especially on 5 sec - 5 min charts to follow the trend.
I have not tested on higher timeframes, but feel free to play with the values.
I have set a basic value for the 3 SMA at
-200
-400
-600
We will use an oscillator for entries which is not mine. Link ->
The oscillator mentioned above is just for visualization purposes, You do not need to get the signals, but You can see how scripts are generated with different values.
When the price above/below all the 3 SMA and oscillator crosses above/below "value you set" - You will get the buy or sell signal.
Your stop will be where the slowest SMA is.
Pyramiding is set for 10.
You can manually set 3 take profit and quantity levels.
Basic values are 1 %, 2 %, and 6 % for taking profits - You can change it based on how volatile the asset is.
Basic quantity values are 30 % at each level.
Hope You find it useful :)
Multi MA MTF SandBox StrategyA moving averages SandBox strategy where you can experiment using two different moving averages (like KAMA, ALMA, HMA, JMA, VAMA and more) on different time frames to generate BUY and SELL signals, when they cross.
Great sandbox for experimenting with different moving averages and different time frames.
== How to use ==
We select two types of moving averages on two different time frames (or the same time frame):
First is the FAST moving average that should be at the same time frame or higher.
Second is the SLOW moving average that should be on the same time frame or higher.
== Buy and Sell Signals ==
When FAST moving average cross over the SLOW moving average we have a BUY signal (for LONG)
When FAST moving average cross under the SLOW moving average we have a SELL signal (for SHORT)
WARNING: Using a lower time frame than your chart time frame will result in unrealistic results in your backtesting and bar replay.
== NOTES ==
You can select BOTH, LONG, SHORT or NONE in the strategy settings.
You can also enable Stop Loss and Take Profit.
More sandboxes to come, Follow to get notified.
Like if you like and Enjoy!
Can also act as indicator by setting 'What trades should be taken' to 'NONE':
Parabolic SAR Swing strategy GBP JPY Daily timeframeToday I bring you a new strategy thats made of parabolic sar. It has optmized values for GBPJPY Daily timeframe chart.
It also has a time period selection, in order to see how it behave between selected years.
The strategy behind it is simple :
We have an uptrend , (the psar is below our candles) we go long. We exit when our candle crosses the psar value.
The same applies for downtrend(the psar is above our candles), where we go short. We exit when our candle cross the psar value.
Among the basic indicators, it looks like PSAR is one of the best canditates for swing trading.
If you have any questions, please let me know.
Inferential Statistics And Quick Metrics For Strategy Analysis.Part of this script is used to calculate inferential statistics and metrics not available through the built in variables in the strategy tester.
A label will be created on the last bar displaying important strategy results, so you can test and analyze strategies quicker.
The built in strategy itself is just an example. You can copy and paste the metrics into any existing version 4 strategy and instantly use it**
**Just be sure all the variable names are unique in your target script.
I am looking for critique and would appreciate input on the statistical functions. I am aware that some of these functions are based on the assumption that the data is normally distributed. It's not meant to be perfect, but it is meant to be helpful. So if you think I can add or improve something to make it more helpful, let me know.
BNB Burn BuyerThis strategy is only meant to be used on BNB.
It's more of an inconclusive analysis of the effect of BNB's quarterly coin burn.
To date there have been 13 coin burns.
According to Binance's whitepaper, each quarter, they will burn BNB based on their trading volume until 50% of all BNB is burned. They eventually will destroy 100MM BNB, leaving 100MM BNB remaining.
Historically, coin burns for the 3rd quarter happen around October 17th-18th. So keep an eye out for those dates.
I built this strategy to run some experiments and test the fundamental effect a known coin burn has on the price. So far more testing is needed. So leave your insights and comments below!
RSI on VWAP Upgraded strategyFirst of all, the idea of apply RSI to VWAP was inspired by XaviZ; at least, that where I first saw that.
I simply applied the idea and searched for apply this on lower timeframe (M15) to increase the number of positions and improve the profit factor.
The conditions to enter are the same :
long : enter on RSI crossover oversold level
short : enter on RSI crossunder oversell level
To close position, I found a little change to apply :
long : close position when RSI(VWAP) went in overbought zone and crossunder the overbought level OR after being at least x bars in the overbought zone (parameter is 28 by default) => when the first condition happens
short : close position when RSI(VWAP) went in oversold zone and crossover the oversold level OR after being at least x bars in the oversell zone (parameter is 28 by default) => when the first condition happens
With this change, I got better results specially on BTCUSDTPERP (M15) where I reach a 6.8 profit factor with 119 trades closed. Not BAD !
The defaults parameters are the best found for BTCUSDTPERP (M15), but the strategy works fine for other pairs if you take time to find the rights combinations.
In this strategy you can change (with defaults in () ):
RSI length (28)
RSI overbought level (85)
RSI oversell level (30)
Number of bars before leaving as explain above (28)
The choice to take longs only, shorts only or both
The number of coin/token by position
The start date for backtesting
Please note that the script use a pyramiding parameter of 3 (can be changed in the first line of the script); that means that you can take up to 3 positions before closing. It lets you improve average enter price but increase the risk. 3 is the best I found to improve profit factor without expose myself too much.
This script would be better if automated because of the conditions of buy and sell.
It's only for educative purpose, not an advice to invest.
All my free scripts here : fr.tradingview.com
Leave a message and don't forget to follow me ;) !
Lagged Donchian Channel + EMAThis strategy is based on a lagged 24 periods Donchian Channel and a 200 periods EMA .
The enter positions are calculated this way :
Bull entry
1. we wait for the close of a candle below the channel and it must be below the 200 EMA
2. the following candle must be a green one and close in the lagged channel
3. we put a long order at the close of the second candle, a stop loss at the low of last 3 candles and a x3 take profit
Bear entry
1. we wait for the close of a candle above the channel and it must be above the 200 EMA
2. the following candle must be a red one and close in the lagged channel
3. we put a short order at the close of the second candle, a stop loss at the high of last 3 candles and a x3 take profit
For both long or short positions :
If the order is not filled, it's cancelled if the price reach 50% of the TP or if the price reach the stop loss level
The position is closed if a new bear/bull condition appears in the other side of the position (if a bear appears when you're long and inversement)
Features :
Position calculator's included with leverage option
Labels of position can be plotted or not
Bull/Bear channels can be plotted with red and green filled
All parameters can be changed for backtesting
Better results have been got with defaults parameters on LTCUSDTPERP in H1 timeframe => profit factor of 2.84 with almost 100 positions.
Hope this strategy will be useful and it would be cool if I could get feedback, comments or better combinations of parameters !!
Don't hesitate to like and leave a comment ;)
@Mysteriown
STRATEGY TESTER ENGINE - ON CHART DISPLAY - PLUG & PLAYSo i had this idea while ago when @alexgrover published a script and dropped a nugget in between which replicates the result of strategy tester on chart as an indicator.
So it seemed fair to use one of his strategy to display the results.
This strategy tester can now be used in replay mode like an indicator and you can see what happen at a particular section of the chart which was is not possible in default strategy tester results of TV.
Please read how each result is calculated so you will know what you are using.
This engine shows most common results of strategy tester in a single screen, which are as follows:
1. Starting Capital
2. Current Profit Percentage
3. Max Profit Percentage
4. Gross Profit
5. Gross Loss
6. Total Closed Trades
7. Total Trades Won
8. Total Trades Lost
9. Percentage Profitable
10. Profit Factor
11. Current Drawdown
12. Max Drawdown
13. Liquidation
So elaborating on what is what:
1. Starting Capital - This stays 0, which signifies your starting balance as 0%. It is set to 0 so we can compare all other results without any change in variables. If set to 100, then all the results will be increased by 100. Some users might find it useful to set it to 100, then they can change code on line 41 from to and it should show starting balance as 100%.
2. Current Profit Percentage - This shows your current profit adjusted to current price of the candle, not like TV which shows after candle is close. There is a comment on the line 38 which can be removed and your can see unrealized profit as well in this section. Please note that this will affect Draw-down calculations later in this section.
3. Max Profit Percentage - This will show you your max profit achieved during your strategy run, which was not possible yet to see via strategy tester. So, now you can see how much profit was achieved by your strategy during the run and you can compare it with chart to see what happens during bull-run or bear-run, so you can further optimize your strategy to best suit your desired results.
4. Gross Profit - This is total percentage of profit your strategy achieved during entire run as if you never had any losses.
5. Gross Loss - This is total percentage of loss your strategy achieved during entire run as if you never had any profits.
6. Total Closed Trades - This is total number of trades that your strategy has executed so far.
7. Total Trades Won - This is the total number of trades that your strategy has executed that resulted in positive increase in equity.
8. Totals Trades Lost - This is the total number of trades that your strategy has executed that resulted in decrease in equity.
9. Percentage Profitable - This is the ratio between your current total winning trades divided by total closed trades, and finally multiplied by 100 to get percentage results.
10. Profit Factor - This is the ratio between Gross Profit and Gross Loss, so if profit factor is 2, then it indicates that you are set to gain 2 times per your risk per trade on average when total trades are executed.
11. Current Drawdown - This is important section and i want you to read this carefully. Here draw-down is calculated very differently than what TV shows. TV has access to candle data and calculates draw-down accordingly as per number of trades closed, but here DD is calculated as difference between max profit achieved and current profit. This way you can see how much percentage you are down from max peak of equity at current point in time. You can do back-test of the data and see when peak was achieved and how much your strategy did a draw-down candle by candle.
12. Max Drawdown - This is also calculated differently same as above, current draw-down. Here you can see how much max DD your strategy did from a peak profit of equity. This is not set as max profit percentage is set because you will see single number on display, while idea is to keep it custom. I will explain.
So lets say, your max DD on TV is 30%. Here this is of no use to see Max DD , as some people might want to see what was there max DD 1000 candles back or 10 candle back. So this will show you your max DD from the data you select. TV shows 25000 candle data in a chart if you go back, you can set the counter to 24999 and it will show you max DD as shown on TV, but if you want custom section to show max DD , it is now possible which was not possible before.
Also, now let's say you put DD as 24999 and open a chart of an asset that was listed 1 week ago, now on 1H chart max DD will never show up until you reach 24999 candle in data history, but with this you can now enter a manual number and see the data.
13. Liquidation - This is an interesting feature, so now when your equity balance is less than 0 and your draw-down goes to -100, it will show you where and at what point in time you got liquidated by adding a red background color in the entire section. This is the most fun part of this script, while you can only see max DD on TV.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How to Use -
1 word, plug and play. Yes. Actual codes start from line 33.
select overlay=false or remove it from the title in your strategy on first line,
Just copy the codes from line 33 to 103,
then go to end section of your strategy and paste the entire code from line 33 to line 103,
see if you have any duplicate variable, edit it,
Add to chart.
What you see above is very contracted view. Here is how it looks when zoomed in.
imgur.com
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feel free to edit and share and use. If you use it in your scripts, drop me tag. Cheers.
365 Day High Breakout StrategySCRIPT NOTES
- Strategy consists of 3 parameters :-
1. BUY on 365 day breakout (250 days taken in back-testing instead of 365 days considering weekends and other holidays in a year)
2. Moving averages (Noise Filtering condition )
3. RELATIVE STRENTH indicator (Original Author - tradingview.com ) (Noise Filtering condition )
- Strategy works better on low volatile stocks.
- This strategy is for self improvement and concept sharing purpose only.
- Trading (including profit/loss) using this strategy is completely user's responsibility.
