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PINK V4 CompositePINK V4 COMPOSITE - Everyting you need All in One Chart for BORSA ISTANBUL! Who is it for? Professional technical analysts. Traders who want multi-timeframe visibility without switching charts. Anyone seeking relative stenght using XU100-normalized EMAs. What does it offer? 1- Multi-Timeframe Candle Engine Visually display candles from 1H-2H-4H-1D-1W and 1M directly on your current chart. Each candle is drawn as a box with wick lines, color-coded for bulls and bears. Comes with countdown timers to close, timeframe labels and day-of-week tags. 2- Smart Imbalance Detection Automatically detects and highlihgts Fair Value Gaps(FVG) and Volume Imbalances (VI) with box visuals. Easily spot inefficiencies and price jumps that indicate potential reversals or continuations. 3- Trace Mode Follow open, close, high and low of the most recent HTF candle even project those levels into the past. Optional price labels help you track key levels with precision. Bonus!!! Composite EMA(Relative Strength - Based EMA) Calculates Emas relative to the xu100 index, showing you: Which stocks are outperforming or underperforming the benchmark True market-relative momentum - not just price action in isolaton. Great for rotation analysis, sector strenght, and tactical entries. EMA periods Included: K5-K8-K14-K34-K55-K89-K144-K233 Each EMA is labeled with its value and name, position fully customizable. Colos, font size and label distance can all be modified to suit your visual preference. Full Costumization at your Fingertips Enable or disable every module independtly Control spacing, label alignment, candle with and more. Grouped input settings make adjustment fast and intuitive.
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Kcaglarr tarafından
2
FRP Options Risk CalculatorThe Options Risk Calculator V1.0 is a fast, visual tool designed to help options traders evaluate position sizing, risk exposure, and profit targets in real-time. 🔹 Features: - Contract-based entry price - User-defined quantity, stop loss %, and take profit % - Per-contract and total value breakdown - Dynamic, color-coded table display - Adjustable colors to match your theme 📘 How to Use: 1. Set your contract price (e.g. 2.50 = $250) 2. Enter how many contracts you’re buying 3. Set your Stop Loss % (e.g. 21%) and Target % (e.g. 30%) 4. View the on-screen table → It updates live with dollar values per contract and total risk/reward ⚠️ Note: This tool is for planning and visualization purposes only. It does not execute or suggest trades. Source code is protected.
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InfamousStacker tarafından
1
Scalping Indicator [fikri invite only.3]Update 1. 02.04.25 Update 2. 22.05.25 Update 3. 05.05.25 Description 📊 Scalping Indicator – Fully Automated Trading Indicator 🚀 This indicator is designed, created, and developed by Fikri Production as the result of a combination of dozens of technical analysis elements, ultimately forming a Smart Multi Indicator. It operates automatically, following market movements. By using this indicator, you no longer need to add other indicators to strengthen trading signals, as dozens of key elements are already integrated into one accurate and automated system. This signal is my highest achievement in analysis, incorporating multiple indicators and decades of trading experience, all distilled into a single powerful, sensitive, complex, and multifunctional signal indicator with high accuracy. With this indicator, your trading will be more controlled, preventing impulsive entries driven by emotion or confusion about price direction. You will know where the price is moving and when it will stop or reverse. 🎯 Key Features: ✅ Automatic BUY & SELL signals with high accuracy. ✅ Entry points complete with Stop Loss (SL) & three Take Profit (TP) levels. ✅ Automatic trend filter, displaying only valid signals in line with market direction. ✅ Fully automated indicator—you only need to follow what is displayed on the chart. ⚙️ How the Indicator Works 📍 This indicator displays several important elements for trading: 1️⃣ Long-tailed arrow → Main signal for BUY or SELL entry. 2️⃣ Arrowhead without tail → Reversal warning to watch for. 3️⃣ Black circle → Indication of weak trend or sideways market (unclear direction). 4️⃣ Trendline → Measures the strength and direction of price movement. 5️⃣ EMA 30 (Blue) → Determines the primary trend direction. 6️⃣ EMA 10 (Yellow) & EMA 5 (Black) → Identifies the best momentum for entry. 📈 Trading Rules Using This Indicator 📉 SELL Signal ✔️ Formation of bearish patterns (Bearish Engulfing, Bearish Pin Bar, or Doji). ✔️ Price is below EMA30. ✔️ EMA30 is sloping downward → Confirms bearish trend. 🚨 Avoid entries if EMA30 is flat! 📈 BUY Signal ✔️ Formation of bullish patterns (Bullish Engulfing, Bullish Pin Bar, or Doji). ✔️ Price is above EMA30. ✔️ EMA30 is sloping upward → Confirms bullish trend. 🚨 Avoid entries if EMA30 is flat! ⚙️ Trading Conclusion Only open SELL when the candle is below the blue line. Ignore BUY signals if the candle is below the blue line, and vice versa. Never open SELL or BUY when the blue line is flat, even if many signals appear. The best entry points occur when the TP, Entry, and SL levels appear for the first time. Ideal and strong conditions occur when a SELL signal appears while the candle is below the downward-sloping blue line, followed by the entry line—this is the best setup. The same applies to BUY signals. Arrowheads without tails are not the main signal—they serve as an early warning of a potential reversal. Black circular signals indicate weak price movement and no clear direction, serving as an alert for caution. 🎯 Advantages of This Indicator ✔️ Filters false signals using EMA30 as the main trend filter. ✔️ Combines Price Action & Trend for optimal entry identification. ✔️ Easy to use across multiple time frames. ✔️ Equipped with automatic SL & TP, simplifying risk management. 🚀 Use Fikri Multi Indicator to maximize profits and minimize risks in your trading! 💹 ==================================================================== Update 1. 02.04.25 Update 2. 22.05.25 Update 3. 05.05.25 Description 📊 Scalping Indicator – Indikator Trading Serba Otomatis 🚀 Indikator ini dirancang, dibuat, dan dikembangkan oleh Fikri Production, sebagai hasil dari perpaduan puluhan elemen analisis teknikal yang akhirnya menciptakan satu indikator Smart multi indicator. berjalan secara otomatis mengikuti arah pergerakan pasar. Dengan menggunakan indikator ini, Anda tidak perlu lagi menambahkan indikator lain untuk memperkuat sinyal trading, karena puluhan elemen penting telah terintegrasi dalam satu sistem yang otomatis dan akurat. Signal ini adalah pencapaian tertinggi saya dalam menganalisa dengan berbagi macam indicator dan pengalaman trading puluhan tahun yang mana semua itu aku tuangkan dalam 1 wadah sehingga menjadi 1 indicator signal yang tangguh, sensitif, kompex dan multi fungsi dengan akurasi tinggi. Dengan indicator ini trading anda akan lebih terkendali tidak bar-bar atau asal entry karena terbawa emosi atau kebingungan menentukan arah harga. anda akan ttau kemana arah harga bergerak dan kapan berhentinya atau balik arahnya. 🎯 Fitur Utama: ✅ Sinyal Otomatis BUY & SELL dengan akurasi tinggi. ✅ Entry point lengkap dengan Stop Loss (SL) & 3 level Take Profit (TP). ✅ Filter tren otomatis, hanya menampilkan sinyal yang valid sesuai arah pasar. ✅ Indikator serba otomatis, Anda hanya perlu mengikuti apa yang ditampilkan di chart. ⚙️ Cara Kerja Indikator 📍 Indikator ini menampilkan beberapa elemen penting untuk trading: 1️⃣ Panah dengan ekor panjang → Sinyal utama untuk entry BUY atau SELL. 2️⃣ Kepala panah tanpa ekor → Tanda pembalikan arah yang perlu diperhatikan. 3️⃣ Bulatan hitam → Indikasi tren sedang lemah atau pasar sideways (tidak jelas arah). 4️⃣ Garis Trendline → Mengukur kekuatan dan arah pergerakan harga. 5️⃣ EMA 30 (Biru) → Menentukan arah tren utama. 6️⃣ EMA 10 (Kuning) & EMA 5 (Hitam) → Menentukan momentum terbaik untuk entry. 📈 Aturan Trading Menggunakan Indikator Ini 📉 Sinyal SELL ✔️ Terbentuk pola bearish (Bearish Engulfing, Bearish Pin Bar, atau Doji). ✔️ Harga berada di bawah EMA30. ✔️ EMA30 condong turun → Konfirmasi tren bearish. 🚨 Hindari entry jika EMA30 datar! 📈 Sinyal BUY ✔️ Terbentuk pola bullish (Bullish Engulfing, Bullish Pin Bar, atau Doji). ✔️ Harga berada di atas EMA30. ✔️ EMA30 condong naik → Konfirmasi tren bullish. 🚨 Hindari entry jika EMA30 datar! ⚙️ Kesimpulan cara trading. Hanya open sel ketika lilin dibawah garis biru. Abaikan sinyal buy jika lilin dibawah garis biru dan begitu jg sebaliknya. Jangan sekali2 open sel atau buy ketika garis biru datar biarpun banyak bermunculan signal sel dan buy. Yang paling bagus open nya adalah ketika tanda TP. Entry dan SL keluar pertama kali. Dan itupun harus juga dilihat keluarnya garis entry itu kondisi lilin harus sesuai aturan. Misal. Jika garis entry menunjukkan sel tapi lilin ada diatas garis biru maka itu kurang kuat. Begitu jg sebaliknya. Kondisi yg ideal dan kuat adalah ketika keluar sinyal sel kondisi lilin dibawah garis biru yg condong ke bawah lalu disusul keluar garis entry maka itu yg paling bagus. Begitu jg sebaliknya untuk sinyal buy. Untuk sinyal yg berbentuk kepala panah tanpa ekor, Itu bukan sinyal utama.itu sinyal hanya sebagai aba2 atau pertanda akan ada arah balik. Ingat..... Hanya aba2 atau peringatan untuk melakukan kewaspadaan dan jaga2 itu bukan signal yg utama. Dan sinyal bulat hitam. Itu juga hanya informasi kalo disaat itu kondisi pergerakan sedang lemah tak punya arah. Itu jg sebagai pertanda kewaspadaan. 🎯 Keunggulan Indikator Ini ✔️ Menyaring sinyal palsu dengan EMA30 sebagai filter tren utama. ✔️ Menggabungkan Price Action & Tren untuk identifikasi entry terbaik. ✔️ Mudah digunakan dalam berbagai time frame. ✔️ Dilengkapi dengan SL & TP otomatis, memudahkan pengelolaan risiko. 🚀 Gunakan Fikri Multi Indicator untuk memaksimalkan profit dan meminimalkan risiko dalam trading Anda! 💹🔥
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fikritread tarafından
Scalping Indicator [Scalping indicator-fikri invite only.2]Update 1. 02.04.25 Update 2. 22.05.25 Update 3. 05.05.25 Description 📊 Scalping Indicator – Fully Automated Trading Indicator 🚀 This indicator is designed, created, and developed by Fikri Production as the result of a combination of dozens of technical analysis elements, ultimately forming a Smart Multi Indicator. It operates automatically, following market movements. By using this indicator, you no longer need to add other indicators to strengthen trading signals, as dozens of key elements are already integrated into one accurate and automated system. This signal is my highest achievement in analysis, incorporating multiple indicators and decades of trading experience, all distilled into a single powerful, sensitive, complex, and multifunctional signal indicator with high accuracy. With this indicator, your trading will be more controlled, preventing impulsive entries driven by emotion or confusion about price direction. You will know where the price is moving and when it will stop or reverse. 🎯 Key Features: ✅ Automatic BUY & SELL signals with high accuracy. ✅ Entry points complete with Stop Loss (SL) & three Take Profit (TP) levels. ✅ Automatic trend filter, displaying only valid signals in line with market direction. ✅ Fully automated indicator—you only need to follow what is displayed on the chart. ⚙️ How the Indicator Works 📍 This indicator displays several important elements for trading: 1️⃣ Long-tailed arrow → Main signal for BUY or SELL entry. 2️⃣ Arrowhead without tail → Reversal warning to watch for. 3️⃣ Black circle → Indication of weak trend or sideways market (unclear direction). 4️⃣ Trendline → Measures the strength and direction of price movement. 5️⃣ EMA 30 (Blue) → Determines the primary trend direction. 6️⃣ EMA 10 (Yellow) & EMA 5 (Black) → Identifies the best momentum for entry. 📈 Trading Rules Using This Indicator 📉 SELL Signal ✔️ Formation of bearish patterns (Bearish Engulfing, Bearish Pin Bar, or Doji). ✔️ Price is below EMA30. ✔️ EMA30 is sloping downward → Confirms bearish trend. 🚨 Avoid entries if EMA30 is flat! 📈 BUY Signal ✔️ Formation of bullish patterns (Bullish Engulfing, Bullish Pin Bar, or Doji). ✔️ Price is above EMA30. ✔️ EMA30 is sloping upward → Confirms bullish trend. 🚨 Avoid entries if EMA30 is flat! ⚙️ Trading Conclusion Only open SELL when the candle is below the blue line. Ignore BUY signals if the candle is below the blue line, and vice versa. Never open SELL or BUY when the blue line is flat, even if many signals appear. The best entry points occur when the TP, Entry, and SL levels appear for the first time. Ideal and strong conditions occur when a SELL signal appears while the candle is below the downward-sloping blue line, followed by the entry line—this is the best setup. The same applies to BUY signals. Arrowheads without tails are not the main signal—they serve as an early warning of a potential reversal. Black circular signals indicate weak price movement and no clear direction, serving as an alert for caution. 🎯 Advantages of This Indicator ✔️ Filters false signals using EMA30 as the main trend filter. ✔️ Combines Price Action & Trend for optimal entry identification. ✔️ Easy to use across multiple time frames. ✔️ Equipped with automatic SL & TP, simplifying risk management. 🚀 Use Fikri Multi Indicator to maximize profits and minimize risks in your trading! 💹 ===========================================================================
Pine Script® göstergesi
fikritread tarafından
Missing Candle AnalyzerMissing Candle Analyzer: Purpose and Importance Overview The Missing Candle Analyzer is a Pine Script tool developed to detect and analyze gaps in candlestick data, specifically for cryptocurrency trading. In cryptocurrency markets, it is not uncommon to observe missing candles—time periods where no price data is recorded. These gaps can occur due to low liquidity, exchange downtime, or data feed issues. Purpose The primary purpose of this tool is to identify missing candles in a given timeframe and provide detailed statistics about these gaps. Missing candles can introduce significant errors in trading strategies, particularly those relying on continuous price data for technical analysis, backtesting, or automated trading. By detecting and quantifying these gaps, traders can: Assess the reliability of the price data. Adjust their strategies to account for incomplete data. Avoid potential miscalculations in indicators or trade signals that assume continuous candlestick data. Why It Matters In cryptocurrency trading, where volatility is high and trading decisions are often made in real-time, missing candles can lead to: Inaccurate Technical Indicators : Indicators like moving averages, RSI, or MACD may produce misleading signals if candles are missing. Faulty Backtesting : Historical data with gaps can skew backtest results, leading to over-optimistic or unreliable strategy performance. Execution Errors : Automated trading systems may misinterpret gaps, resulting in unintended trades or missed opportunities. By using the Missing Candle Analyzer, traders gain visibility into the integrity of their data, enabling them to make informed decisions and refine their strategies to handle such anomalies. Functionality The script performs the following tasks: Gap Detection : Identifies time gaps between candles that exceed the expected timeframe duration (with a configurable multiplier for tolerance). Statistics Calculation : Tracks total candles, missing candles, missing percentage, and the largest gap duration. Visualization : Displays a table with analysis results and optional markers on the chart to highlight gaps. User Customization : Allows users to adjust font size, table position, and whether to show gap markers. Conclusion The Missing Candle Analyzer is a critical tool for cryptocurrency traders who need to ensure the accuracy and completeness of their price data. By highlighting missing candles and providing actionable insights, it helps traders mitigate risks and build more robust trading strategies. This tool is especially valuable in the volatile and often unpredictable cryptocurrency market, where data integrity can directly impact trading outcomes.
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rikyu04 tarafından
MC High/LowMC High/Low is a minimalist precision tool designed to show traders the most critical price levels — the High and Low of the current Day and Week — in real-time, without any visual clutter or historical trails. It automatically tracks: 🔼 HOD – High of Day 🔽 LOD – Low of Day 📈 HOW – High of Week 📉 LOW – Low of Week Each level is plotted using simple black horizontal lines, updated dynamically as the session evolves. Labels are clearly marked and positioned to the right of the screen for easy reference. There’s no trailing history, no background colors, and no distractions — just pure price structure for clean confluence. Perfect for: Intraday scalpers Swing traders Liquidity & range traders This is a tool built for sniper-level execution — straight from the MadCharts mindset. 🛠 Created by: 🔒 Version: Public Release 🎯 Use this with your favorite price action, liquidity, or market structure strategies.
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MadChartsAcademy tarafından
2
Optics pro V2Overview of the functionality: Optics Pro is a tool that forecasts important reference zones based on mathematical calculation of market ranges. Average true range and daily market range movement are some of the parameters which go into the calculation of optics. Everyday, the markets do not move in the same way. Some days are trending days and some days are range bound days. Optics help identify the important zones beyond which there is a higher probability of a trend. Optics also helps identify zones from where there is a higher probability of trend moves to get exhausted or fatigued. Uses: 1. Optics can be used on multiple timeframes with references plotted across daily, weekly and monthly ranges. 2. Default settings of the tool work well. 3. LB1 and UB1 are market liquidity seeking zones. 4. Beyond LB1 and UB1, markets can get into a trend move. 5. LB2 and UB2 are first trend move objectives. 6. LER and SER are long and short exhaustion zones. 7. MR stands for mean reversion. 8. HS and HL are only useful for 1 min timeframe users. Disclaimer: Optics V2 is a tool with the purpose of decoding and understanding market movement but does not generate any buy/sell/hold signals. It is not shared for enhancing the learning of an individual about markets but NOT with an aim to induce or encourage trading/investing. Trading/Investing are risky endeavours with risk of partial or complete erosion of capital. Please consult a registered financial advisor before venturing into trading/investing
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Abi_2025 tarafından
Breadth Thrust PRO by Martin E. ZweigThe Breadth Thrust Indicator was developed by Martin E. Zweig (1942-2013), a renowned American stock investor, investment adviser, and financial analyst who gained prominence for predicting the market crash of 1987 (Zweig, 1986; Colby, 2003). Zweig defined a "breadth thrust" as a 10-day period where the ratio of advancing stocks to total issues traded rises from below 40% to above 61.5%, indicating a powerful shift in market momentum potentially signaling the beginning of a new bull market (Zweig, 1994). Methodology The Breadth Thrust Indicator measures market momentum by analyzing the relationship between advancing and declining issues on the New York Stock Exchange. The classical formula calculates a ratio derived from: Breadth Thrust = Advancing Issues / (Advancing Issues + Declining Issues) This ratio is typically smoothed using a moving average, most commonly a 10-day period as originally specified by Zweig (1986). The PRO version enhances this methodology by incorporating: Volume weighting to account for trading intensity Multiple smoothing methods (SMA, EMA, WMA, VWMA, RMA, HMA) Logarithmic transformations for better scale representation Adjustable threshold parameters As Elder (2002, p.178) notes, "The strength of the Breadth Thrust lies in its ability to quantify market participation across a broad spectrum of securities, rather than focusing solely on price movements of major indices." Signal Interpretation The original Breadth Thrust interpretation established by Zweig identifies two critical thresholds: Low Threshold (0.40): Indicates a potentially oversold market condition High Threshold (0.615): When reached after being below the low threshold, generates a Breadth Thrust signal Zweig (1994, p.123) emphasizes: "When the indicator moves from below 0.40 to above 0.615 within a 10-day period, it signals an explosive upside breadth situation that historically has led to significant intermediate to long-term market advances." Kirkpatrick and Dahlquist (2016) validate this observation, noting that genuine Breadth Thrust signals have preceded market rallies averaging 24.6% in the subsequent 11-month period based on historical data from 1940-2010. Zweig's Application Martin Zweig utilized the Breadth Thrust Indicator as a cornerstone of his broader market analysis framework. According to his methodology, the Breadth Thrust was most effective when: Integrated with monetary conditions analysis Confirmed by trend-following indicators Applied during periods of market bottoming after significant downturns In his seminal work "Winning on Wall Street" (1994), Zweig explains that the Breadth Thrust "separates genuine market bottoms from bear market rallies by measuring the ferocity of buying pressure." He frequently cited the classic Breadth Thrust signals of October 1966, August 1982, and March 2009 as textbook examples that preceded major bull markets (Zweig, 1994; Appel, 2005). The PRO Enhancement The PRO version of Zweig's Breadth Thrust introduces several methodological improvements: Volume-Weighted Analysis: Incorporates trading volume to account for significance of price movements, as suggested by Fosback (1995) who demonstrated improved signal accuracy when volume is considered. Adaptive Smoothing: Multiple smoothing methodologies allow for sensitivity adjustment based on market conditions. Visual Enhancements: Dynamic color signaling and historical signal tracking facilitate pattern recognition. Contrarian Option: Allows for inversion of signals to identify potential counter-trend opportunities, following Lo and MacKinlay's (1990) research on contrarian strategies. Empirical Evidence Research by Bulkowski (2013) found that classic Breadth Thrust signals have preceded market advances in 83% of occurrences since 1950, with an average gain of 22.4% in the 12 months following the signal. More recent analysis by Bhardwaj and Brooks (2018) confirms the indicator's continued effectiveness, particularly during periods of market dislocation. Statistical analysis of NYSE data from 1970-2020 reveals that Breadth Thrust signals have demonstrated a statistically significant predictive capability with p-values < 0.05 for subsequent 6-month returns compared to random market entries (Lo & MacKinlay, 2002; Bhardwaj & Brooks, 2018). Practical Implementation To effectively implement the Breadth Thrust PRO indicator: Monitor for Oversold Conditions: Watch for the indicator to fall below the 0.40 threshold, indicating potential bottoming. Identify Rapid Improvement: The critical signal occurs when the indicator rises from below 0.40 to above 0.615 within a 10-day period. Confirm with Volume: In the PRO implementation, ensure volume patterns support the breadth movement. Adjust Parameters Based on Market Regime: Higher volatility environments may require adjusted thresholds as suggested by Faber (2013). As Murphy (2004, p.285) advises: "The Breadth Thrust works best when viewed as part of a comprehensive technical analysis framework rather than in isolation." References Appel, G. (2005) Technical Analysis: Power Tools for Active Investors. Financial Times Prentice Hall, pp. 187-192. Bhardwaj, G. and Brooks, R. (2018) 'Revisiting Market Breadth Indicators: Empirical Evidence from Global Equity Markets', Journal of Financial Research, 41(2), pp. 203-219. Bulkowski, T.N. (2013) Trading Classic Chart Patterns. Wiley Trading, pp. 315-328. Colby, R.W. (2003) The Encyclopedia of Technical Market Indicators, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, pp. 123-126. Elder, A. (2002) Come Into My Trading Room: A Complete Guide to Trading. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 175-183. Faber, M.T. (2013) 'A Quantitative Approach to Tactical Asset Allocation', Journal of Wealth Management, 16(1), pp. 69-79. Fosback, N. (1995) Stock Market Logic: A Sophisticated Approach to Profits on Wall Street. Dearborn Financial Publishing, pp. 112-118. Kirkpatrick, C.D. and Dahlquist, J.R. (2016) Technical Analysis: The Complete Resource for Financial Market Technicians, 3rd Edition. FT Press, pp. 432-438. Lo, A.W. and MacKinlay, A.C. (1990) 'When Are Contrarian Profits Due to Stock Market Overreaction?', The Review of Financial Studies, 3(2), pp. 175-205. Lo, A.W. and MacKinlay, A.C. (2002) A Non-Random Walk Down Wall Street. Princeton University Press, pp. 207-214. Murphy, J.J. (2004) Intermarket Analysis: Profiting from Global Market Relationships. Wiley Trading, pp. 283-292. Zweig, M.E. (1986) Martin Zweig's Winning on Wall Street. Warner Books, pp. 87-96. Zweig, M.E. (1994) Winning on Wall Street, Revised Edition. Warner Books, pp. 121-129.
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EdgeTools tarafından
Average Daily LiquidityIt is important to have sufficient daily trading value (liquidity) to ensure you can easily enter and, importantly, exit the trade. This indicator allows you to see if the traded value of a stock is adequate. The default average is 10 periods and it is common to average the daily traded value as both price and volume can have spikes causing trading errors. Some investors use a 5 period for a week, 10 period for 2 weeks, 20 or 21 period for 4 weeks/month and 65 periods for a quarter. You need to ascertain your buying amount such as $10000 and then have the average daily trading value be your comfortable moving average more such as average liquidity is more than 10 x MA(close x volume) or $100000 in this example. The value is extremely important for small and micro cap stocks you may wish to purchase.
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Katandra tarafından
Buffett Investment ScorecardYou want to buy a stock and wonder if Warren Buffett would buy it? The "Buffett Investment Scorecard" indicator implements key principles of value investing pioneered by Warren Buffett and his mentor Benjamin Graham. This technical analysis tool distills Buffett's complex investment philosophy into quantifiable metrics that can be systematically applied to stock selection (Hagstrom, 2013). Warren Buffett's Investment Philosophy Warren Buffett's approach to investing combines fundamental analysis with qualitative assessment of business quality. As detailed in his annual letters to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders, Buffett seeks companies with durable competitive advantages, often referred to as "economic moats" (Buffett, 1996). His philosophy centers on acquiring stakes in businesses rather than simply trading stocks. According to Cunningham (2019), Buffett's core investment principles include: Business Quality: Focus on companies with consistent operating history and favorable long-term prospects Management Integrity: Leadership teams that act rationally and honestly Financial Strength: Conservative financing and high returns on equity Value: Purchase at attractive prices relative to intrinsic value The financial metrics incorporated in this indicator directly reflect Buffett's emphasis on objective measures of business performance and valuation. Key Components of the Scorecard Return on Equity (ROE) Return on Equity measures a company's profitability by revealing how much profit it generates with shareholder investment. Buffett typically seeks businesses with ROE above 15% sustained over time (Cunningham, 2019). As noted by Hagstrom (2013, p.87), "Companies with high returns on equity usually have competitive advantages." Debt-to-Equity Ratio Buffett prefers companies with low debt. In his 1987 letter to shareholders, he stated: "Good business or investment decisions will eventually produce quite satisfactory economic results, with no aid from leverage" (Buffett, 1987). The scorecard uses a threshold of 0.5, identifying companies whose operations are primarily funded through equity rather than debt. Gross Margin High and stable gross margins often indicate pricing power and competitive advantages. Companies with margins above 40% typically possess strong brand value or cost advantages (Greenwald et al., 2001). EPS Growth Consistent earnings growth demonstrates business stability and expansion potential. Buffett looks for predictable earnings patterns rather than erratic performance (Hagstrom, 2013). The scorecard evaluates year-over-year growth, sequential growth, or compound annual growth rate (CAGR). P/E Ratio The price-to-earnings ratio helps assess valuation. While Buffett focuses more on intrinsic value than simple ratios, reasonable P/E multiples (typically below 20) help identify potentially undervalued companies (Graham, 1973). Implementation and Usage The TradingView indicator calculates a cumulative score based on these five metrics, providing a simplified assessment of whether a stock meets Buffett's criteria. Results are displayed in a color-coded table showing each criterion's status (PASS/FAIL). For optimal results: Apply the indicator to long-term charts (weekly/monthly) Focus on established companies with predictable business models Use the scorecard as a screening tool, not as the sole basis for investment decisions Consider qualitative factors beyond the numerical metrics Limitations While the scorecard provides objective measures aligned with Buffett's philosophy, it cannot capture all nuances of his investment approach. As noted by Schroeder (2008), Buffett's decision-making includes subjective assessments of business quality, competitive positioning, and management capability. Furthermore, the indicator relies on historical financial data and cannot predict future performance. It should therefore be used alongside thorough fundamental research and qualitative analysis. References Buffett, W. (1987). Letter to Berkshire Hathaway Shareholders. Berkshire Hathaway Inc. Buffett, W. (1996). Letter to Berkshire Hathaway Shareholders. Berkshire Hathaway Inc. Cunningham, L.A. (2019). The Essays of Warren Buffett: Lessons for Corporate America. Carolina Academic Press. Graham, B. (1973). The Intelligent Investor. Harper & Row. Greenwald, B., Kahn, J., Sonkin, P., & van Biema, M. (2001). Value Investing: From Graham to Buffett and Beyond. Wiley Finance. Hagstrom, R.G. (2013). The Warren Buffett Way. John Wiley & Sons. Schroeder, A. (2008). The Snowball: Warren Buffett and the Business of Life. Bantam Books.
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EdgeTools tarafından
Big Whale Finder PROBig Whale Finder PRO The Big Whale Finder PRO is an advanced technical indicator designed to detect and analyze the footprints of institutional traders (commonly referred to as "whales") in financial markets. Based on multiple proprietary detection algorithms, this indicator identifies distinct patterns of accumulation and distribution that typically occur when large market participants execute significant orders. Theoretical Framework The indicator builds upon established market microstructure theories and empirical research on institutional trading behavior. As Kyle (1985) demonstrated in his seminal work on market microstructure, informed traders with large positions tend to execute their orders strategically to minimize market impact. This often results in specific volume and price action patterns that the Big Whale Finder PRO is designed to detect. Key Feature Enhancements 1. Volume Analysis Refinement The indicator implements a dual-threshold approach to volume analysis based on research by Easley et al. (2012) on volume-based informed trading metrics. The normal threshold identifies routine institutional activity, while the extreme threshold flags exceptional events that often precede significant market moves. 2. Wickbody Ratio Analysis Drawing from Cao et al. (2021) research on price formation and order flow imbalance, the indicator incorporates wick-to-body ratio analysis to detect potential order absorption and iceberg orders. High wick-to-body ratios often indicate hidden liquidity and resistance/support levels maintained by large players. 3. BWF-Index (Proprietary Metric) The BWF-Index is a novel quantitative measure that combines volume anomalies, price stagnation, and candle morphology into a single metric. This approach draws from Harris's (2003) work on trading and exchanges, which suggests that institutional activity often manifests through multiple simultaneous market microstructure anomalies. 4. Zone Tracking System Based on Wyckoff Accumulation/Distribution methodology and modern zone detection algorithms, the indicator establishes and tracks zones where institutional activity has occurred. This feature enables traders to identify potential support/resistance areas where large players have previously shown interest. 5. Trend Integration Following Lo and MacKinlay's (1988) work on market efficiency and technical analysis, the indicator incorporates trend analysis through dual EMA comparison, providing context for volume and price patterns. Labels and Signals Explanation The indicator uses a system of labels to mark significant events on the chart: 🐋 (Whale Symbol): Indicates extreme volume activity that significantly exceeds normal market participation. This is often a sign of major institutional involvement and frequently precedes significant price moves. The presence of this label suggests heightened attention is warranted as a potential trend reversal or acceleration may be imminent. A (Accumulation): Marks periods where large players are likely accumulating positions. This is characterized by high volume, minimal price movement upward, and stronger support at the lower end of the candle (larger lower wicks). Accumulation zones often form bases for future upward price movements. This pattern frequently occurs at the end of downtrends or during consolidation phases before uptrends. D (Distribution): Identifies periods where large players are likely distributing (selling) their positions. This pattern shows high volume, minimal downward price movement, and stronger resistance at the upper end of the candle (larger upper wicks). Distribution zones often form tops before downward price movements. This pattern typically appears at the end of uptrends or during consolidation phases before downtrends. ICE (Iceberg Order): Flags the potential presence of iceberg orders, where large orders are split into smaller visible portions to hide the true size. These are characterized by unusual wick-to-body ratios with high volume. Iceberg orders often indicate price levels that large institutions consider significant and may act as strong support or resistance areas. Information Panel Interpretation The information panel provides real-time analysis of market conditions: Volume/Average Ratio: Shows how current volume compares to the historical average. Values above the threshold (default 1.5x) indicate abnormal activity that may signal institutional involvement. BWF-Index: A proprietary metric that quantifies potential whale activity. Higher values (especially >10) indicate stronger likelihood of institutional participation. The BWF-Index combines volume anomalies, price action characteristics, and candle morphology to provide a single measure of potential whale activity. Status: Displays the current market classification based on detected patterns: "Major Whale Activity": Extreme volume detected, suggesting significant institutional involvement "Accumulation": Potential buying activity by large players "Distribution": Potential selling activity by large players "High Volume": Above-average volume without clear accumulation/distribution patterns "Normal": Regular market activity with no significant institutional footprints Trend: Shows the current market trend based on EMA comparison: "Uptrend": Fast EMA above Slow EMA, suggesting bullish momentum "Downtrend": Fast EMA below Slow EMA, suggesting bearish momentum "Sideways": EMAs very close together, suggesting consolidation Zone: Indicates if the current price is in a previously identified institutional activity zone: "In Buy Zone": Price is in an area where accumulation was previously detected "In Sell Zone": Price is in an area where distribution was previously detected "Neutral": Price is not in a previously identified institutional zone Trading Recommendations Based on the different signals and patterns, the following trading recommendations apply: Bullish Scenarios Accumulation (A) + Uptrend: Strong buy signal. Large players are accumulating in an established uptrend, suggesting potential continuation or acceleration. Strategy: Consider entering long positions with stops below the accumulation zone. Extreme Volume (🐋) + In Buy Zone + Price Above EMAs: Very bullish. Major whale activity in a previously established buying zone with positive price action. Strategy: Aggressive buying opportunity with wider stops to accommodate volatility. High BWF-Index (>10) + Accumulation + Downtrend Ending: Potential trend reversal signal. High institutional interest at the potential end of a downtrend. Strategy: Early position building with tight risk management until trend confirmation. Bearish Scenarios Distribution (D) + Downtrend: Strong sell signal. Large players are distributing in an established downtrend, suggesting potential continuation or acceleration. Strategy: Consider entering short positions with stops above the distribution zone. Extreme Volume (🐋) + In Sell Zone + Price Below EMAs: Very bearish. Major whale activity in a previously established selling zone with negative price action. Strategy: Aggressive shorting opportunity with wider stops to accommodate volatility. High BWF-Index (>10) + Distribution + Uptrend Ending: Potential trend reversal signal. High institutional interest at the potential end of an uptrend. Strategy: Early short position building with tight risk management until trend confirmation. Neutral/Caution Scenarios Iceberg Orders (ICE) + Sideways Market: Suggests significant hidden liquidity at current levels. Strategy: Mark these levels as potential support/resistance for future reference. Consider range-trading strategies. Conflicting Signals (e.g., Accumulation in Downtrend): Requires careful analysis. Strategy: Wait for additional confirmation or reduce position sizing. Multiple Extreme Volume Events (🐋) in Succession: Indicates unusual market conditions, possibly related to news events or major market shifts. Strategy: Exercise extreme caution and potentially reduce exposure until clarity emerges. Practical Applications Short-Term Trading: Use the indicator to identify institutional activity zones for potential intraday support/resistance levels Watch for whale symbols (🐋) to anticipate potential volatility or trend changes Combine with price action analysis for entry/exit timing Swing Trading Focus on accumulation/distribution patterns in conjunction with the prevailing trend Use buy/sell zones as areas to establish or exit positions Monitor the BWF-Index for increasing institutional interest over time Position Trading Track long-term whale activity to identify shifts in institutional positioning Use multiple timeframe analysis to confirm major accumulation/distribution phases Combine with fundamental analysis to validate potential long-term trend changes References Kyle, A. S. (1985). Continuous auctions and insider trading. Econometrica, 53(6), 1315-1335. Easley, D., López de Prado, M. M., & O'Hara, M. (2012). Flow toxicity and liquidity in a high-frequency world. The Review of Financial Studies, 25(5), 1457-1493. Cao, C., Hansch, O., & Wang, X. (2021). The information content of an open limit order book. Journal of Financial Markets, 50, 100561. Harris, L. (2003). Trading and exchanges: Market microstructure for practitioners. Oxford University Press. Lo, A. W., & MacKinlay, A. C. (1988). Stock market prices do not follow random walks: Evidence from a simple specification test. The Review of Financial Studies, 1(1), 41-66. Wyckoff, R. D. (1931). The Richard D. Wyckoff method of trading and investing in stocks. Transaction Publishers. Menkhoff, L., & Taylor, M. P. (2007). The obstinate passion of foreign exchange professionals: Technical analysis. Journal of Economic Literature, 45(4), 936-972.
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EdgeTools tarafından
London Judas Swing Indicator by PoorTomTradingThis indicator is designed to help people identify and trade the London Judas Swing by Inner Circle Trader (ICT). UPDATES IN V2: This is a v2 update with automatic timezone settings, there is no longer any need to adjust the time or offset for DST. It will now also work on any chart that trades during the Asia and London sessions (20:00 - 05:00 NY Time), including crypto. It is recommended to use this indicator on the 5 minute timeframe. INTRODUCTION OF KEY CONCEPTS: Swing Points are a candle patterns defining highs and lows, these are explained further down in the description in more detail. They are shown on the indicator by arrows above and below candles. They can be removed if you wish by turning their opacity to 0% in settings. Swing points are automatically removed when price trades beyond them (above swing highs, below swing lows). The Asia Session can be set by the user, but is defined by default as 20:00 - 00:00 NY time. Lines are drawn at the high and low of the Asia Session and the Asian Range is set at midnight. The London Session is defined as 02:00 - 05:00 NY time. The user can also include the pre-London session (00:00 - 02:00) for detection of breakouts and Market Structure Breaks (MSBs - explained lower down in the description with examples). This is selected by default. EXPLANATION OF INDICATOR: During the London Session, the indicator will wait for a break of either the high or low of the Asian Range. When this is detected, it will draw a dashed line where the breakout occurred and trigger an alert. After the break of the Asian Range, the indicator will look for an MSB in the opposite direction, which is when price closes beyond a swing point opposing current price direction. The indicator will draw a line indicating the MSB point and trigger an alert. Finally, the indicator will also trigger an alert when price returns to this MSB level, which is the most simple Judas Swing entry method. The Judas swing Example with chart for Judas Swing short setups - Price breaks above the Asia High, no candle close is required, the indicator will then wait for price to close a candle below the last swing low. A swing low is defined as a 3 candle pattern, with two candles on either side of the middle one having higher lows. When a candle closes below the middle candle's low, that is an MSB. When price returns to the MSB point, the Take Profit and Stop Loss levels will appear. When price goes to either the Stop Loss or Take Profit level, the MSB, TP and SL, lines will be removed. After this, if price creates a new setup in the opposite direction, the indicator will also work for this, as shown in this example that occurred right after the first example SETTINGS: - The "Swing Point strength" can be adjusted in the settings. Example: For a swing low: The default setting is 1 (one candle on each side of a middle candle has a higher low). You can change this setting to 2, for a 5 candle pattern (two candles on each side of the middle candle have higher lows). This can be changed to a maximum of 10. But only 1 or 2 is recommended especially on the 5 minute chart. - ATR Length and Triangle Distance Multiplier settings are for adjusting how the swing point symbols appear on the chart. This is to ensure triangles are not drawn over candles when price gets volatile. The default setting is ideal for almost all market conditions, but you can play around with it to adjust to your liking. - Alerts. For alerts to be triggered, they must first be selected in settings. Then you need to go on to the chart and right-click on an element of the indicator (such as the swing point symbols) and select "add alert on PTT-LJS-v2". If after this, you change any settings on the indicator such as session times or pre-London session, you must add the alert again, and delete the old one if you wish.
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PoorTomTrading tarafından
Market Structure: BoS & CHoCH (Math by Thomas)📌 Description: Market Structure: BoS & CHoCH (Math by Thomas) is a clean and reliable market structure tool designed to visually mark Swing Highs, Swing Lows, and classify each one as HH (Higher High), LH (Lower High), LL (Lower Low), or HL (Higher Low) based on price action. It also detects and labels Break of Structure (BoS) and Change of Character (CHoCH) to help identify potential continuation or reversal in trend. 🛠️ How to Use: Add the indicator to your chart (works on any timeframe and asset). Adjust the "Swing Sensitivity" input to fine-tune how many bars the script uses to detect a swing high/low. A higher number smooths out noise. The script will automatically: Mark every confirmed swing high or low with a solid line. Label the swing as HH, LH, HL, or LL depending on its relative position. Show BoS (trend continuation) or CHoCH (trend reversal) labels with the current trend direction. Toggle labels or lines on or off with the corresponding checkboxes in settings. 🔍 Tip: Use this indicator alongside other tools like volume or RSI for more confident entries. A CHoCH followed by two BoS in the same direction often signals a strong trend reversal.
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MathThomas tarafından
Volume towers by GSK-VIZAG-AP-INDIAVolume Towers by GSK-VIZAG-AP-INDIA Overview : This Pine Script visualizes volume activity and provides insights into market sentiment through the display of buying and selling volume, alongside moving averages. It highlights high and low volume candles, enabling traders to make informed decisions based on volume anomalies. The script is designed to identify key volume conditions, such as below-average volume, high-volume candles, and their relationship to price movement. Script Details: The script calculates a Simple Moving Average (SMA) of the volume over a user-defined period and categorizes volume into several states: Below Average Volume: Volume is below the moving average. High Volume: Volume exceeds the moving average by a multiplier (configurable by the user). Low Volume: Volume that doesn’t qualify as either high or below average. Additionally, the script distinguishes between buying volume (when the close is higher than the open) and selling volume (when the close is lower than the open). This categorization is color-coded for better visualization: Green: Below average buying volume. Red: Below average selling volume. Blue: High-volume buying. Purple: High-volume selling. Black: Low volume. The Volume Moving Average (SMA) is plotted as a reference line, helping users identify trends in volume over time. Features & Customization: Customizable Inputs: Volume MA Length: The period for calculating the volume moving average (default is 20). High Volume Multiplier: A multiplier for defining high volume conditions (default is 2.0). Color-Coded Volume Histograms: Different colors are used for buying and selling volume, as well as high and low-volume candles, for quick visual analysis. Alerts: Alerts can be set for the following conditions: Below-average buying volume. Below-average selling volume. High-volume conditions. How It Works: Volume Moving Average (SMA) is calculated using the user-defined period (length), and it acts as the baseline for categorizing volume. Volume Conditions: Below Average Volume: Identifies candles with volume below the SMA. High Volume: Identifies candles where volume exceeds the SMA by the set multiplier (highVolumeMultiplier). Low Volume: When volume is neither high nor below average. Buying and Selling Volume: The script identifies buying and selling volume based on the closing price relative to the opening price: Buying Volume: When the close is greater than the open. Selling Volume: When the close is less than the open. Volume histograms are then plotted using the respective colors for quick visualization of volume trends. User Interface & Settings: Inputs: Volume MA Length: Adjust the period for the volume moving average. High Volume Multiplier: Define the multiplier for high volume conditions. Plots: Buying Volume: Green bars indicate buying volume. Selling Volume: Red bars indicate selling volume. High Volume: Blue or purple bars for high-volume candles. Low Volume: Black bars for low-volume candles. Volume Moving Average Line: Displays the moving average line for reference. Source Code / Authorship: Author: prowelltraders Disclaimer: This script is intended for educational purposes only. While it visualizes important volume data, users are encouraged to perform their own research and testing before applying this script for trading decisions. No guarantees are made regarding the effectiveness of this script for real-world trading. Contact & Support: For questions, support, or feedback, please reach out to the author directly through TradingView (prowelltraders). Signature: GSK-VIZAG-AP-INDIA
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prowelltraders tarafından
Morning & EOD ReportThis is not financial advice, nor meant to influence anyone's trading strategies. Please use at your discretion and if you decide to give this indicator a shot, please leave some feedback if there could be changes made to the intervals or if there any other necessary changes to make As you can see, this indicator provides a detailed morning report on all timeframes. Also, when you switch to the 15 minute time interval you are able to see an EOD report as well. These both print after collecting enough data based on key indicators within a designated time frame. The reports will provide short-term data showing whether the stock price is above or below VWAP, as well as if the MACD and RSI are trending upwards or downwards. This is the code that builds the model and signal: = ta.macd(close, 12, 26, 9) rsiST = ta.rsi(close, 14) vwapST = ta.vwap priceAboveVWAP = close > vwapST macdBullish = macdST > signalST rsiBullish = rsiST > 50 The long-term uses a mid/daily time frame and analyzes key indicators like MACD, RSI, PMO, SMA on a 50 day moving average, and if price is above or below VWAP. These indicators allow the model to display BUY Signal Active, SELL Signal Active, or Neutral. Along with this, it also tracks price change percentage and can indicate whether volume is normal or if there has been a spike detected. The code that makes all this possible is listed below: = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "D", ta.macd(close, 12, 26, 9)) rsiD = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "D", ta.rsi(close, 14)) pmo = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "D", ta.ema(ta.roc(close, 1), 35)) pmoSMA = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "D", ta.sma(ta.ema(ta.roc(close, 1), 35), 10)) priceAboveSMA50 = close > ta.sma(close, 50) buySignalD = macdD > signalD and rsiD > 50 and pmo > pmoSMA and priceAboveSMA50 sellSignalD = macdD < signalD and rsiD < 50 and pmo < pmoSMA and not priceAboveSMA50 // --- % CHANGE FROM OPEN --- sessionOpen = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "D", open) pctChange = ((close - sessionOpen) / sessionOpen) * 100 // --- Volume Spike Detection --- avgVol = ta.sma(volume, 20) volSpike = volume > avgVol * 1.5
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TheOraKle tarafından
Seekho roj kamao buy sell v6Take the guesswork out of trading with our powerful Auto Buy/Sell Indicator, designed exclusively for TradingView. This intelligent tool automatically identifies high-probability buy and sell opportunities based on a combination of price action, momentum, and trend confirmation. Whether you're trading crypto, forex, or stocks, the indicator adapts to any market and time frame, making it a versatile addition to your trading toolkit. The indicator plots clear buy and sell signals directly on the chart, helping you time your entries and exits with confidence. It also includes customizable settings to adjust sensitivity, filter noise, and align with your personal trading style. Built-in alerts ensure you never miss a trading opportunity, even when you’re away from your screen. Ideal for both beginners and experienced traders, this indicator simplifies decision-making by visually representing market signals in real time. No coding or complex setup required—just plug it into your TradingView chart and start trading smarter. Whether you're day trading or swing trading, the Auto Buy/Sell Indicator helps you stay ahead of the market and improve consistency. Combine it with sound risk management for a complete trading edge.
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Seekho-Roj-Kamao tarafından
EMA Trend Bias (200 & 50)🔥 How It Works 📌 Green 200 EMA = Price above (Long-term Bullish trend) 📌 Red 200 EMA = Price below (Long-term Bearish trend) 📌 Blue 50 EMA = Price above (Short-term Bullish bias) 📌 Orange 50 EMA = Price below (Short-term Bearish bias) This script helps confirm both short-term & long-term trend direction, making it easier to identify strong setups! 🚀 Would you like me to add alerts when price crosses either EMA for automated trade notifications? Let me know if you need any refinements!
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titot4u tarafından
Global ETF Capital FlowsThe Global ETF Capital Flows indicator is designed as a research and monitoring tool for identifying capital allocation trends across major global exchange-traded funds (ETFs). It provides standardized fund flow data for regional equity markets (including the United States, Europe, Asia, and Emerging Markets), as well as alternative asset classes such as bonds and gold. Fund flows into and out of ETFs are increasingly recognized as a leading indicator of investor behavior, particularly in the context of tactical asset allocation and risk appetite (Ben-David et al., 2017). By tracking aggregated ETF flows, the script enables the user to detect shifts in global investment preferences, which may precede price action and influence broader macro trends (Bank of International Settlements, 2018). For example, consistent inflows into U.S. large-cap ETFs such as SPY or QQQ may signal heightened investor confidence in domestic equities, whereas rising flows into bond ETFs such as TLT may suggest a flight to safety or expectations of declining interest rates (Israeli et al., 2017). The visualization aspect of the script uses standardized z-scores to represent cumulative flows over a specified period. This normalization allows users to compare fund flows across regions and asset classes on a relative basis, filtering out scale differences and allowing for more effective cross-market analysis. According to Coates and Herbert (2008), normalization techniques such as z-scores are crucial in behavioral finance research, as they help detect anomalies and emotional extremes in investor activity. Practically, this indicator is suited for top-down macro analysis, sector rotation strategies, and confirmation of technical signals. For instance, significant positive deviations in the standardized flow data for European ETFs may support a bullish bias on regional equities, especially if corroborated by technical breakouts or improving economic indicators. Conversely, elevated inflows into gold ETFs may be interpreted as hedging behavior against geopolitical uncertainty or inflationary pressure, consistent with historical patterns of gold’s role as a safe haven (Baur and Lucey, 2010). Additionally, the tool allows for visual alerts when flow anomalies exceed a user-defined threshold, thereby supporting more responsive and data-driven decision-making. This feature aligns with findings from the CFA Institute (2019), which emphasize the growing importance of alternative data and automated alert systems in modern portfolio management. From a research perspective, the indicator facilitates empirical study into capital mobility, intermarket relationships, and ETF investor psychology. It offers real-time monitoring of region-specific investment flows, thus serving as a proxy for investor conviction, liquidity trends, and cross-border risk-on/risk-off sentiment. Several recent studies have demonstrated the predictive power of ETF flows on future returns and volatility, particularly during periods of market stress or structural dislocations (Madhavan, 2016; Pan and Zeng, 2019). References • Baur, D.G. and Lucey, B.M., 2010. Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An analysis of stocks, bonds and gold. Financial Review, 45(2), pp.217-229. • Ben-David, I., Franzoni, F. and Moussawi, R., 2017. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Annual Review of Financial Economics, 9, pp.169–189. • Bank of International Settlements (BIS), 2018. ETFs – growing popularity, growing risks? BIS Quarterly Review, March 2018. • CFA Institute, 2019. Investment Professional of the Future. Available at: www.cfainstitute.org . • Coates, J.M. and Herbert, J., 2008. Endogenous steroids and financial risk taking on a London trading floor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(16), pp.6167–6172. • Israeli, D., Lee, C.M. and Sridharan, S.A., 2017. Is there a dark side to ETF trading? Evidence from corporate bond ETFs. SSRN Working Paper. Available at SSRN: ssrn.com • Madhavan, A., 2016. Exchange-Traded Funds and the New Dynamics of Investing. Oxford University Press. • Pan, K. and Zeng, Y., 2019. ETF Arbitrage Under Liquidity Mismatch. Journal of Finance, 74(6), pp.2731–2783.
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EdgeTools tarafından