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Bollinger Bands are a widely used technical analysis indicator that helps spot relative price highs and lows. The tool comprises three lines: a central band representing the 20-period simple moving average (SMA), and upper and lower bands usually placed two standard deviations above and below the SMA. These bands adjust with market volatility, offering insights into price fluctuations and trading conditions.

How this indicator works
Bollinger Bands helps traders assess price volatility and potential price reversals. They consist of three bands: the middle band, the upper band, and the lower band. Here's how Bollinger Bands work:

Middle band: This is typically a simple moving average (SMA) of the asset's price over a specified period. The most common period used is 20 days.
Upper band: This is calculated by adding a specified number of standard deviations to the middle band. The standard deviation measures the asset's price volatility. Commonly, two standard deviations are added to the middle band.
Lower band: Similar to the upper band, it is calculated by subtracting a specified number of standard deviations from the middle band.
What do Bollinger Bands tell you?
Bollinger bands primarily indicate the level of market volatility and trading opportunities. Narrow bands indicate low market volatility, while wide bands suggest high market volatility. Bollinger bands indicators can be used by traders to assess potential buy or sell signals. For instance, a sell signal may be interpreted or generated if the asset’s price moves closer or crosses the upper band, as it may indicate that the asset is overbought. Alternatively, a buy signal may be interpreted or generated if the price moves closer to the lower band, as it may signify that the asset is oversold.

However, traders should be cautious when using Bollinger Bands as standalone indicators when making trading decisions. Experienced traders refrain from confirming signals based on one indicator. Instead, they generally combine various technical indicators and fundamental analysis methods to make informed trading decisions. Basing trading decisions on only one indicator can result in misinterpretation of signals and heavy losses.

Bollinger Bands assist in identifying whether prices are relatively high or low. They are applied as a pair—upper and lower bands—alongside a moving average. However, these bands are not designed to be used in isolation. Instead, they should be used to validate signals generated by other technical indicators.

Calculation of Bollinger Band